Try browsing the list of somewhat recent #CVE rated critical, as I just did to verify. A majority of them is not related to any memory errors. Will you tell all them “just use a different programming language”?

I'm sorry, but this has been repeatedly refuted:

• Google "analysis shows two thirds of 0-day exploits detected in the wild used memory corruption vulnerabilities". Source: https://security.googleblog.com/2024/03/secure-by-design-googles-perspective-on.html
• "Microsoft: 70 percent of all security bugs are memory safety issues" Source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-70-percent-of-all-security-bugs-are-memory-safety-issues/

And yes, they are telling their engineers to use a different programming language. In fact, even the NSA is saying exactly that: https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/News-Highlights/Article/Article/3215760/nsa-releases-guidance-on-how-to-protect-against-software-memory-safety-issues/

It doesn’t come out today, it’s been there for a long time, and it’s standardized, proven and stable.

This seems like an extremely short-sighted red herring. C has so many gaps in its specification, because it has no problem defining things as "undefined behavior" or "implementation defined", that the standard is essentially useless for kernel-level programming. The Linux kernel is written in C and used to only build with GCC. Now it builds with GCC and LLVM, and it relies on many non-standard compiler extensions for each. The effort to add support for LLVM took them 10 years. That's 10 years for a migration from C to C. Ask yourself: how is that possible if the language is so well standardized?

Great suggestions! One nitpick:

But in principle I find this quite workable, as you get to write your CI code in Rust.

Having used xtask in the past, I’d say this is a downside. CI code is tedious enough to debug as it is, and slowing down the cycle by adding Rust compilation into the mix was a horrible experience. To add, CI is a unique environment where Rust’s focus on correctness isn’t very valuable, since it’s an isolated, project-specific environment anyway.

I’d rather use Deno or indeed just for that.

No, OP asked for a black and white winner. I was elaborating because I don’t think it’s that black and white, but if you want a singular answer I think it should be clear: Rust.

I would say at this point in time it’s clearly decided that Rust will be part of the future. Maybe there’s a meaningful place for Zig too, but that’s the only part that’s too early to tell.

If you think Zig still has a chance at overtaking Rust though, that’s very much wishful thinking. Zig isn’t memory safe, so any areas where security is paramount are out of reach for it. The industry isn’t going back in that direction.

I actually think Zig might still have a chance in game development, and maybe in specialized areas where Rust’s borrow checker cannot really help anyway, such as JIT compilers.

Ah yes, exactly.

Runtime performance is entirely unaffected by the use of macros. It can have a negative impact on compile-time performance though, if you overdo it.

Might be relevant to mention that Rust has formal verification methods available as well, similar to SPARK, but also optional. One that looks pretty appealing is this one: https://verus-lang.github.io/verus/guide/overview.html

While I can get behind most of the advice here, I don’t actually like the conditions array. The reason being that each condition function now needs additional conditions to make sure it doesn’t overlap with the other condition functions. This was much more elegantly handled by the else clauses, since adding another condition to the array has now become a puzzle to verify the conditions remain non-overlapping.

I find Linear to be reasonably pleasant.

Issue resolved

I mentioned it in the first comment:

the reason I tend to recommend B-Tree maps over hash maps for ordinary programming is consistent iteration order. It is simply too easy to run into a situation where you think iteration order doesn’t matter, but then it turns out it does in some subtle unforeseen way.

I’m not talking about bugs in the implementation of the map itself, I’m talking about unforeseen consequences in the user’s code since they may not anticipate properly for the randomness in iteration.

Oh, I agree, they both have their use cases. But that doesn’t mean there’s not plenty of situations where the performance is effectively irrelevant, but where people tend to default to using a hash map because they heard it’s faster (probably because lookups are O(1) indeed). So that’s where I would say, as long as performance doesn’t matter it’s better to default to B-Tree maps than to hash maps, because the chance of avoiding bugs is more valuable than immeasurable performance benefits (not to mention that for smaller data sets B-Tree maps can often outperform hash maps due to better cache locality, but again that’s hardly relevant since the data set is small anyway).

Hehe, yeah, I actually agree in principle, although in the context of web tooling I think it’s at least understandable. For many years, web tooling was almost exclusively written in JavaScript itself, which was hailed as a feature, since it allowed JS developers to easily jump in and help improve their own tooling. And it made the stack relatively simple: All you needed was Node.js and you were good to go.

Something like the Google Closure Compiler, written in Java, was for many years better than comparable tooling written in JS, but remained in obscurity, partially because it was cumbersome to setup and people didn’t want to deal with Java.

Then the JS ecosystem ran into a wall. JS projects were becoming bigger and bigger, and the performance overhead of their homegrown tooling started frustrating more and more. That just happened to be the time that Rust came around, and it happened to tick all the boxes:

• It showed that it can solve the performance bottlenecks.
• It has great support for WASM, which many web developers were having an interest in.
• Its syntax is familiar enough for TypeScript developers.
• It has a good story around interior mutability, which is a common frustration among TypeScript developers, especially those familiar with React.

I think these things combined helped the language to quickly win the hearts and minds of many in the web community. So now we’re in a position where just name dropping “Rust” can be a way to quickly resonate with those developers, because they associate it with fast and reliable and portable. In principle you’re right, it should just be an implementation detail. But through circumstance it seems to have also become an expression of mindshare – ie. a marketing tool.

Finding a Webpack replacement that doesn’t use NPM at all is going to be hard, but there are certainly alternatives that don’t require the 1000+ NPM dependencies required to use Webpack.

Some alternatives you can consider are Rsbuild and Farm. Part of the reason they use so much fewer NPM dependencies is because they’re written in Rust, so they’ll have Cargo dependencies instead, but you shouldn’t notice anything of that. Of course if you want to audit everything it’s not that much easier, but at least the Cargo ecosystem seems to have avoided quite some of the mistakes that NPM made. But yes, in the end it still comes down to the extent that you trust your dependencies.

Apart from all the interesting performance characteristics and their use in databases, the reason I tend to recommend B-Tree maps over hash maps for ordinary programming is consistent iteration order. It is simply too easy to run into a situation where you think iteration order doesn’t matter, but then it turns out it does in some subtle unforeseen way.

Of course it’s the way of our trade that unforeseen things cause bugs. But if there’s one kind of bug that is particularly annoying, it’s the hard-to-reproduce ones: those introduced by timing issues or (semi-)randomness. The moment you start iterating over a hash map you risk falling prey to the second one. So I’ll just prefer to default to a B-Tree map or set instead.

No sorry, we follow Prettier’s philosophy there.

Is this the rule you might be looking for? https://biomejs.dev/linter/rules/use-sorted-classes/

I’m one of the core contributors to Biome, btw, so feel free to ask questions!

Yeah, I mix them too, although I apply quite a bit of functional techniques especially at the architectural level as well. OO I use mostly for dealing with I/O and other areas where statefulness cannot be avoided.

If you’re interested, I also wrote an in-depth blog where I touch on these topics: https://arendjr.nl/blog/2024/07/post-architecture-premature-abstraction-is-the-root-of-all-evil/

Just keep in mind that inheritance is nowadays a very contested feature. Even most people still invested in object oriented programming recognise that in hindsight inheritance was mostly a mistake. The industry as a whole is also making a shift to move more towards functional programming, in which object orientation as a whole is taking more of a backseat and inheritance specifically is not even supported anymore. So yeah, take the chance to learn, but be cautious before going into any one direction too deeply.